The Xenophobia Of Costa Rica - 1890 Words

The Xenophobia of Nicaraguans in Costa Rica Introduction Migrant labor is omnipresent in global supply chains that seek labor at a reduced cost. It is of no surprise that migrant labor is being used in coffee cooperatives and plantations in Costa Rica. When visiting Costa Rica we were able to visit numerous coffee plantations. Most of these plantations used migrant labor from Nicaragua, Panama, the regional indigenous population of the Guaymi, and even local Costa Ricans. The focus of this report will be on the Nicaraguan migrant labor due to my own personal experiences and notice of an almost demonization of the Nicaraguan people in some areas of Costa Rica, and ultimately how this could be harmful for Costa Rica in terms of business and economics. History of Nicaraguan Migration to Costa Rica It is estimated that Nicaraguans have been migrating to Costa Rica for at least 100 years (â€Å"Nicaragua’s†). At the end of the 19th century and during the beginning of the 20th century, Nicaraguans came to Costa Rica to work in banana plantations on the Caribbean coast and the mines in Abangares. In the 50’s, Nicaraguan seasonal migration satisfied labor on cotton plantations and by the mid-70’s, 50,000 Nicaraguans were registered in Costa Rica (â€Å"Nicaragua’s†). The 70’s also brought in an influx of Nicaraguans due to an increasing oppression from the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua. It was estimated that an additional 80,000 Nicaraguans went to Costa Rica while 200,000 wentShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at a Culture as an Outsider942 Words   |  4 Pages1. Did this description provide an accurate description of customs and norms? Explain. The reading did provide a description of the custom and norms, but I do not know how accurate it was. I have not been to Costa Rica nor have I learned about the Nacirema, but I am certain that Latin American cultures have a strong belief in the supernatural. I believe that the description was accurate. I would however like to do more research before deciding how accurate the descriptions of the normsRead MoreHofstede: Cultures and Organizations - Software of the Mind Culture as Mental Programming9246 Words   |  37 PagesIndonesia 78 35/36 South Africa 49 10/11 India 77 37 Jamaica 45 10/11 West Africa 77 38 USA 40 12 Yugoslavia 76 39 Canada 39 13 Singapore 74 40 Netherlands 38 14 Brazil 69 41 Australia 36 15/16 France 68 42/44 Costa Rica 35 15/16 Hong Kong 68 42/44 Germany 35 17 Colombia 67 42/44 Great Britain 35 18/19 Salvador 66 45 Switzerland 34 18/19 Turkey 66 46 Finland 33 20 Belgium 65 47/48 Norway 31 21/23 East Africa 64 47/48 Sweden 31Read MoreLevis - 4 Ps5809 Words   |  24 PagesIsrael, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates Africa: Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa. Latin America: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela VALUES: Levi Strauss Co. has four major core values. These are †¢ -Empathy †¢ -Originality †¢ -Integrity †¢ -CourageRead MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagespivotal issue of peace education. Children learn about peace and the need for peace in safe protected environments and then return to a wider society where there is still injustice, asymmetry of power, a hierarchical structure, discrimination, and xenophobia. Therefore, each program for peace education must not only strengthen the capacity of an individual for critical thinking but also strengthen the individuals ability to resist the majority, if the majority is one that discriminates. As stated byRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 Pagesfrontier is another form of colonization, with the consequent occupation of Indigenous territories, positions of political power in the Autonomous Regions, spaces of commerce 38 UNDP, Human Development Report, 2005. â€Å"Las Regiones Autà ³nomas de la Costa Caribe.  ¿Nicaragua asume su diversidad? 29 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 and service, and in the utilization and exploitation of natural resources. (Mairena, 2006) For the inhabitants of the AutonomousRead MoreImpact of Globalization and Bangladesh18126 Words   |  73 Pagesthe forces of globalization. Thus globalization could lead to a belief among national leaders that they are helplessly in the grip of global forces and an attitude of disaffection among the electorate. The result could be extreme nationalism and xenophobia, along with calls for protectionism and the growth of extremist political movements, ultimately leading to potential conflicts. 29 The one issue that came to the forefront time and time again was employment and livelihoods. While people largely

Comparing the Minority Experience in Baby of the Family,...

Women Minority Experience in Baby of the Family, and House on Mango Street The two novels Baby of the Family, and House on Mango Street expose the minority experience through the perspective of a child, struggling to find an identity in their own unique views of the cultures they are growing up in. The life of Lenas family, one of an upper class African American family in the southern part of the United States, appeals to the ideal of the New American as her family blends the dominant culture with their minority background in their everyday life experiences. Esperanza is a Hispanic youth, growing up in a barrio, where there is not much to offer the Hispanic locals. She ultimately feels the profile the of the New American in her†¦show more content†¦Each author exposes us to the aspect of the minority cultural background clashing with the dominant culture as both Lena and Esperanza notice the obvious differences in their economic backgrounds from other people in their area. Lenas father, Jonah, is the ideal New American because he is able to bridge his way out of the ghetto lifestyle, starting his own successful business. The typical stereotype of the African American male is a lazy, out of work, living off the governments welfare programs (Murray 18). This is certainly not the case for Jonah MacPherson, as he has established himself as a pillar of the community. The Place is a local popular hangout for the neighborhood residents, and many of the regulars soon become part of Lenas extended family, as she becomes very comfortable in situations that might be awkward for other youths. Jonah does maintain a link to the urban ghetto lifestyle as he assumes the role as a type of loan shark, hustling the weekly poker games to put a little extra cash in his pocket. But he shows the maturity of a respectful citizen as he always shows the neccessary respect to the elderly people of the community never forgetting his ethnic roots. The MacPherson family respects him because he is a wonderful provider, who is a role model for not only his immediate family, but also the other members of the

Dimensions of Health Essay - 686 Words

Definitions of the dimensions of health Humans have been around for many centuries. In this century, we are growing more aware of the negative effects illness and stress have on the human body. We are also becoming aware of the necessary steps needed to be healthy and accomplish a longer life span. With the ever-growing number of diseases around the human population, it is imperative that humans realize the importance of being healthy. People believe health is attained by just eating healthy foods, and exercising but that is not the case. Different components compile a human beings overall health; the components are called six different dimensions. The different dimensions are physical, psychological, spiritual, social, intellectual, and†¦show more content†¦Social Social health goes hand-in-hand with spiritual health. Social health is the ability of a person to interact with other people around them. It is the ability of a person to find comfort in other people. Socially healthy people like to be around other people and are friendly and helpful around their communities, thus causing an amiable and pleasant community. As well as making friends, socially healthy people tend to have healthy relationships and are not too prone to be sick. Intellectual Intellectual health is another important part of a healthy person. A person needs to be intellectually healthy to take place within society. One must think, and be able to learn from ones actions and from others actions to survive. Through out a persons life decisions will need to be made and unless a person knows how to think, they cannot make good decisions. Additionally a person needing to be intellectually healthy for a good life, should be as knowledgeable as possible so he or she can have fulfilling conversations and socially and culturally different friends. Environmental Environmental health is the last of the components of health or the last of the six dimensions of health. Environmental refers to the environment surrounding the people, is the environment is unhealthy the person will develop many problems, from physical to mental. InShow MoreRelatedSix Dimensions of Health1418 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: SIX DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH 1 Six Dimensions of Health Daniel Smith Sci/ 100 July 10, 2010 Tara Campbell Six Dimensions of Health 2 The challenges of balancing work, school, and a social life can sometimes seem like a major task. However, in spite of these challenges the six dimensions of health are the keys to living a quality and prosperous life. My objective is to identify three of the six dimensions of health, and explain why theyre my strongest. Next, chooseRead MoreThe Dimension Of Health Care904 Words   |  4 PagesThe dimension of health I chose to work on was physical. Through the process of self- inventory I developed a need’s assessment in which I determined my greatest dimension of health need was physical. The self-inventory helped me to recognize two key areas I should address, first that my weight was creeping up again. Second I wasn’t following a nutritious diet. My next step was to write an action plan and states a clear and concise goal. In this brief evaluation I will reveal the action planRead MoreThe Dimensions Of Mental Health1337 Words   |  6 Pagesstarts with our own health, to living longer, and all the way to making decisions. These are the things to have a great life and to be successful, and if you keep on reading, you will find out the things that will get you there. Dimensions of Health In life, there is something called psychosocial health. There are many dimensions to this health, but I am going to explain four of them. The first dimension is Mental Health, and this is the thinking part of psychosocial health. This part is whereRead MoreThe 3 Dimensions Of Health927 Words   |  4 PagesThe 3 Dimensions of Health: Friendship, Faith, Fitness One of the guiding principles of Fit for Soul is the interconnection of all things, including the mind, the body, and the social environment in which we live. From this holistic perspective, health isn’t merely the absence of disease or symptoms; it is a state of optimal wellbeing, vitality, and wholeness. We are healthy when we’re able to fully digest everything we take in, extracting what is nourishing and eliminating whatever doesn’tRead MoreChild Health Inequalities And Its Dimensions976 Words   |  4 Pagesor condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support; condition of being poor. In my first article â€Å"Child health inequalities and its dimensions in Pakistan† elaborates on the inequality in health and on the rate of poverty amongst the citizens of Pakistan. The well being of a good society is linked with the good health from its community. A persons health can be influenced by several factors those factors include employment unable to receive access to healthcare services, educationRead MoreSix Dimensions of Health Worksheet Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Six Dimensions of Health Worksheet Part 1 For each of the following six dimensions of health, list at least one characteristic, activity, belief, or attitude that reflects that dimension in your life. Provide a brief explanation with each example. Refer to Ch. 1 in the text for explanations of these dimensions. Physical health: When it comes to being physically healthy; you have to eat healthy and watch what you eat as well as making sure you eatRead MoreCompetency Dimensions For A Health Care Provider841 Words   |  4 Pagescircumstances† (p. 61). Competence encompasses four major elements, such as knowledge, skills, behavior, and judgment (Alfaro-Lefevre, 2016). One of the competency dimensions for a health care provider is clinical reasoning. In other words, clinical reasoning is one of the core competencies that guides clinical practice of any health care professional. Berman, Snyder, and Frandsen (2015) defined clinical reasoning as a cognitive process in which a clinician utilizes â€Å"thinking strategies to gatherRead MorePersonal Reflection Paper on Health Dimension Goals1109 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Dimension When observing my goals I noticed how two out of the six dimensions of health where incorporated in both goals. Each goal had one dimension, Psychological and Physical, without out even deliberating about it. My goal one was time manage/stress, which was a Psychological health dimension, and goal two sleeping more hours which was Physical. Emotional wellness another word for Psychological wellness, implies to the ability to be aware of and accept our feelings, coping with stressRead MoreChronicle I : Seven Dimension Of Health And Holism1727 Words   |  7 PagesChronicle I: Seven Dimension of Health and Holism Diksha Pradhan Health is not the mere absence of disease. Optimal health is a state of complete well being. When an individual comes to realization of the fullest potential of health and fulfill their role s expectation, wellness is achieved. That being said, wellness is subjective and relative from person to person. There are seven dimension of wellness. It is important to balance all aspects in order reach optimal health. The dimension most peopleRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Dimensions On World Health Organization Statistics1081 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Dimension Based on World Health Organization statistics, global economic interdependence has led to an astonishing increase of the population and higher standards of living (Who.int, 2016). For instance, Lagos used to have a population of 41,000 in 1900 (Cahoon, n.d.). A century later, Lagos records an astonishing population number of 8 million (World Population Review, 2016). The traveling from one place to another resulted in denser population centers. For instance, China has 150 million

Plot Development in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essay...

In the beginning of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, set in the year 2450, the reader is educated on the society in which the novel’s premise takes place, through a tour given by the hatchery director for a group of students. It introduces the basis of the society, artificial procreation, while also establishing the societal hierarchy that they hold so dear. It also demonstrates the fact that Alphas, members of the highest caste, hold prestigious positions of honor, while Epsilons, members of the lowest caste, are left to hold the world’s unwanted work. They show how each and every test tube human is conditioned to be content in the world they live in, no matter the caste. Through this scene, Huxley sets up the ruling†¦show more content†¦When Lenina and Fanny are discussing hypnopà ¦dic phrases, a particular one, â€Å"Ending is better than mending, ending is better than mending† (p. 50) comes up. This phrase, repeated ad nauseam, uses the art o f euphemism to command people to perform society’s bidding. This statement is stating that it is better to end a piece of clothing, than mending it. In this case, ending means that people will be in the market to buy a replacement for what they chose to end, and thus will be supporting the economy in this pursuit. On top of that, as a direct result of Bokanovsky’s Process, the creation of humans has fallen into line with the economic principles of supply and demand. For example, when the Hatchery Director is giving a tour to students, the reader is enlightened by what this process entails: †¦a bokanovskied egg will proliferate, will divide. From eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo and every embryo into a full-sized adult. Making ninety-six human beings grow where only one grew before†¦ (p. 6) The process shows that humans have become a commodity in the society of the Brave New World. They are no longer separate humans, but rather beings that were genetically engineered under the principles of mass production. This transformation into a commodity experienced by the human race endeavors to prove that their idea of societal success includes economics, and thus massShow MoreRelatedA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley1684 Words   |  7 Pagesimperfect world and is usually only a hopeful dream. These types of worlds can greatly be described in detail through the world of science fiction. Aldous Huxley was an English writer who lived during a time when war and chaos were engulfing the world. His works reflect his view and thoughts on a dystopia, which is a false utopia, and describes what could occur in possible governments of the world. The ability to understand and dive into the thoughts of the author is what makes world literatureRead MoreBrave New World Idiocracy Analysi s849 Words   |  4 Pagesstory’s plot. That isnt that case when comparing Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World to Mike Judge’s Idiocracy. Both manifest a problem of their society through the use of satire. Satire is a method of ridiculing a problem to people to prompt them to protest for change. Although Brave New World’s universe is a polar opposite of Idiocracy and their satirical plots effectively evoke denunciation of problems, Idiocracy more persuasively expresses their overarching satirical message. Aldous Huxley’s BraveRead MoreThe Theory Of Science And Its Use As A Means Of Control1911 Words   |  8 Pages Thus, in order to successfully convey this message, he develops this idea in his representations of a world controlled by artificial birth and conditioning and by showing how by erasing individual identity and freedom one can achieve stability because there is no more conflict and no more change. Further, the theme of societal attitude towards progress is essential to understanding Huxley’s worries. The inhabitants of London in 632 A.F. do not believe in God, and instead prey to Ford, who is seenRead MoreVisions of Utopia Essay3140 Words   |  13 Pagesdesigned (as opposed to Edenic or messianic) form by Plato, with The Republic. Utopian literature was mostly neglected until the 16th century, when Sir Thomas More published his novel Utopia. Utopian literature continued to be produced, but took a new form in the 19th century, when it became possible, through the rapid advance in technological and other scientific knowledge, to imagine a society, as Asimov puts it, in which scientific and technological advance might impose a Utopia from withoutRead MoreWalking And Biking By Eric Carle1192 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst grade, my teacher pushed me to challenge myself. At the end of the school year, I won an award for having read the most books all school year. At that mom ent, I decided I wanted to be an avid reader. In second grade, my teacher introduced me to a new genre that quickly became my favorite: young adult adventure novels. By the time I reached the midpoint of the school year, I had read every book in the school library by either Gary Paulsen or Gordon Korman. My insatiable appetite for books of thisRead MoreWalking And Biking : Reading Skills Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst grade, my teacher pushed me to challenge myself. At the end of the school year, I won an award for having read the most books all school year. At that moment, I decided I wanted to be an avid reader. In second grade, my teacher introduced me to a new genre that quickly became my favorite: young adult adventure novels. By the time I reached the midpoint of the school year, I had read every book in the school library by either Gary Paulsen or Gordon Korman. My insatiable appetite for books of thisRead MoreThe development of the novel in the 20th century1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthere appeared a stratification of fiction due to primary education for all. Parallel to this, novelists saw themselves apart from the public, as dedicated men. This new modern conception involved dignity and a sense of glory. Another change was from the three-volume novel to the one volume one. Together with the demands of the new publics, this shortening divided the Victorian novel into the categories of fiction we know today. The key name in the eighties is Henry James, who strove to give theRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 PagesApollo hold. Oft of one wide expanse have I been told   Ã‚  Ã‚  That deep-brow’d Homer ruled as his demesne;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Yet did I never breathe its pure serene Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold: Then felt I like some watcher of the skies   Ã‚  Ã‚  When a new planet swims into his ken; Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes   Ã‚  Ã‚  He star’d at the Pacific—and all his men Look’d at each other with a wild surmise—   Ã‚  Ã‚  Silent, upon a peak in Darien. The Shakespearean sonnet, the form of sonnet utilizedRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 PagesAttention-Hungry â€Å"Then, too, existence for you must be a scene of continual change and excitement, or else the world is a dungeon: you must be admired, you must be courted, you must be flattered--you must have music, dancing, and society--or you languish, you die away†: (271). Adele Ordinary (in terms of intellect) â€Å"She had no great talents, no marked traits of character, no peculiar development of feeling or taste, which raised her one inch above the ordinary level of childhood; but neither had she any

Should the United States Lift the Embargo on Cuba Essay

American international relations with Cuba have almost always been tense. The cold war solidified the growing negative relations, and the embargo embodied it. But now that the cold war is over, as is the Cuban missile crisis, we’re left to wonder if the embargo is really necessary. Should the United States lift the embargo of Cuba? All of the evidence, be it economic, diplomatic, or social, points to yes. We should lift the embargo. The United States embargo of Cuba has its roots planted in 1960, 53 years ago, when â€Å"the United States Congress authorized President Eisenhower to cut off the yearly quota of sugar to be imported from Cuba under the Sugar act of 1948†¦ by 95 percent† (Hass 1998, 37). This was done in response to a growing†¦show more content†¦Goods or services of Cuban origin may not be imported into the United States either directly or through third countries† (2001) . According to the Cuba Policy Foundation, the United States loses up to $4.84 billion annually in trade and exports alone (Pepper 2009) . The amount of money being disregarded because of now defunct reasons is radically lacking in logic. A simple repealing of the embargo would bring both the United States and Cuba great economic success. The obvious question presented by this information is, why is such an old idea, which severely limits the necessary functions of international society, currently being continued? It’s not like it’s helping anything. In fact, according to Joy Gordon, Professor of Political Philosophy at Fairfield University, â€Å"the embargo is the single greatest barrier to Cuban economic development† (2010, 64). Gordon continues by saying that â€Å"the United States measures against Cuba are far more extensive [than any other embargo we have had], affecting every aspect of commerce, travel, economic development, and even humanitarian contributions† (2010, 65). The embargo not only detracts from Cuba’s access to U.S. markets, but interferes in its trade with other countries. The embargo prohibits monetary transactions with the UnitedShow MoreRelatedFidel Castro Led The Cuban Revolution934 Words   |  4 Pagesfifty-five years ago, an embargo was placed on Cuba, h alting all trade between the two countries. Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution, which began in July of 1953, leading to their victory and the previous leader, Fulgencio Batista, being driven out of his position. Castro had gained a lot of support from Cuban citizens with his promises to restore political and civil liberties. Castro later began to stray from these promises, starting by nationalizing American businesses within Cuba and by presentingRead MoreShould the U.S. Government Drop Its Sanctions against Cuba?1676 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of force as a primary method of international coercion. Cuba is one of the countries considered as a rogue state by the United States and its allies. The emergence of Cuba as a communist country in the western hemisphere in 1960, and the nationalization of a huge amount of US assets in Cuba by the then new regime led to the sanctions against Cuba. However, starting from the end of the 1980’s the Communist block begin falling apart. C uba lost its international allies and became helpless both economicallyRead MoreFidel Castro Led The Cuban Revolution1106 Words   |  5 PagesFor centuries, Cuba s greatest resource has been its people. - Pico Iyer Nearly fifty-five years ago, an embargo was placed on Cuba, halting all trade between the two countries. Fidel Castro led the Cuban Revolution, which began in July of 1953, leading to their victory and the previous leader, Fulgencio Batista, surrendering from his position. Castro was an American friend and had gained a great deal of support from Cuban citizens with his promises to restore basic, essential liberties. CastroRead MoreThe Cuban Embargo: A Double Edged Sword1612 Words   |  7 Pagesfive decades, the Cuban embargo has failed to achieve its purpose, damaged U.S interest, and affected the Cuban people. Since the year 1959 when Fidel Castro took over Cuba, the country has been under communist rule. It’s been over 50 years since the United States placed and embargo against Cuba. The embargo also known as â€Å"the blockade† places travel restrictions and trade of commerce on any one who is under the US jurisdiction. One of the purposes of the embargo was to tu rn Cuba into a democratic countryRead MoreCuba And The United States864 Words   |  4 PagesCuba and the United States are two very different countries. Although they are only nearly 90 miles away from each other it has been over 50 years since both countries have had any real relationship towards each other, other than the hatred that seems to shown by the two countries’ politicians. In October 1960 the United States began to impose its first round of embargoes towards the small island when Cuba decided to nationalize all of the American Oil on its county after the United States withoutRead MoreThe United States Embargo On Cuba2305 Words   |  10 Pagesthe United States’ Embargo on Cuba On an island far, far, away, are oppressed, poor, and hopeless people who have been under the subjugate control of a regime of communist dictators for over half a century. A body of people, who for almost 55 years, have been given the cold shoulder by one of the world’s biggest superpower and the only superpower in close proximity to their own island. The U.S. implemented sanctions on Cuba in 1960 and 1961, with President John F. Kennedy making the embargo officialRead MoreEmbargo on Cuba984 Words   |  4 PagesEmbargo on Cuba The U.S. imposed an Embargo on Cuba on Oct. 19, 1960. Has the time come for the United States to lift the 5-decade embargo? The Embargo on Cuba was a part of America’s Cold War strategy against the Soviet Union, imposed on the basis that Cuba was a threat to the U.S. National Security because of their alliance with the Soviet Union. Although Cuba would like the U.S to terminate the embargo against their country, the U.S. wants Cuba to make their situation a better living environmentRead MoreEssay on Cuba1685 Words   |  7 PagesCuba In the past fifty years we have witnessed the end of the cold war, the end of communism in a vast majority of nations as well as the rise of the United States to being the sole world power. But while the world has greatly changed over the past half-a-century, there has been little change in the Cuban-American relationship. Since the rise of Fidel Castro to power in the early nineteen fifties, the United States has all but cut off all relations with the Cuban government. It has now beenRead MoreEffects of U.S. Foreign Policy on Cuba1926 Words   |  8 PagesForeign Policy on Cuba The foreign policy of the United States toward Cuba over the past fifty years has caused many problems for the Cuban society and its people, and relations between the two nations have been at odds for decades due to the harsh foreign policy stance of the United States toward Cuba. The United States has considered Cuba as its enemy ever since July 1960 when Fidel Castro’s new revolutionary government changed everything. Castro seized privately owned land in Cuba, nationalizedRead MoreShould the Cuban Embargo be Lifted?1940 Words   |  8 PagesIs the Cuban Embargo a cruel reminder of the Cold war, or is it an important factor of American Democracy fighting the spread of Communism? The Cuban Embargo was a declaration issued by American President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. The embargo was issued because of the threat that the Communist government of Cuba, led by Fidel Castro in 1959, had on American security, assets and democracy at the height of the Cold War. Some 1.8 billion w orth of industrial assets were lost with Cuban communist nationalization

Account and Auditing Planning Memorandum

Question: Discuss about the Account and Auditing for Planning Memorandum. Answer: BEGA CHEESE LIMITED AUDIT PLANNING MEMORANDUM Prepared by : Reviewed by : Date : 1. TERMS OF ENGAGEMENT The audit planning will help to determine and analyse the financial position and risk associated with the company. The terms of engagement shows the terms and condition between the company and the audit firm. Therefore, the auditors will specific guidelines and procedures to handle the engagement (Braiotta, 2004). It refers to the initial stage of the audit during which the firm notifies that the client has accepted the work of audit and clarifies that the firm has understood the purpose and scope of audit. The audit firm ensures that the information provided by the company is fair and accurate that will help to audit the financial statements. 2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2.1 Business Risk Factors Financial statement is considered to be helpful for several users as it provide platform to determine the financial health of the company. Business risk is determined based on the financial ratio calculation which is done from the company financial statement (Elliott and Elliott, 2008). 2.1.1 Factors that increase risk Increase in liability and debt of the company increase the current ratio which decreases the chance of the company to meet the current obligation. This lead to the liquidity business risk. Several other key factor also increase the chance of risk such as if auditor manipulate with the profit data increase the chance of solvency as the company will report false profit margin which will throw negative impact on the company overall reputation which will eventually force the investor and other user of the financial data to quit from investing in the fraudulent company (Holton, 2012). Decrease in the finance leverage and return on equity and return on asset increase the chance of the solvency risk as the quick ratio of the company will fall below one. 2.1.2 Factors that decrease risk Increase in the return on asset and return on capital employed increase the revenue which eventually increase the gross profit margin. The company current ratio above one suggests that the company is able to meet its current obligation which decreases the chance of liquidity risk and solvency risk of the company (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009). 2.2 Internal Control Environment Internal control environment is broadly defined as one of the primary process which is affected by an entity of the board of director, shareholders and other key management personnel, framed to provide suitable assurance related to the accomplishment of the aim and objective (Saxena et al., 2010). Internal control environment depend on three basic categories which are effectiveness of the operation which specify on basic business objective which consist of profitability and performance aspect. Second is reliability of financial reporting which helps to assure that the financial data is accurate and dependable (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, 2011). Third is compliance with applicable law and regulation which deal with complying with the key laws and regulation. Internal control regulate at various level of effectiveness internal control can be easily examined and judged based on the effectiveness of the three basic levels, if the management or board of director have sufficient assurance that they understand the level to which the company operation can be accomplished. The first level of control define that the prepared and published annual report are accurate and reliable to follow. Second the applicable law and the respective regulation are being complied with the laws (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). Thirdly the internal control is a key process which show the overall effectiveness which is considered to be a state or a condition of the key processes a one or more point in time. Control environment is considered to be vital for the organization or any firm as it help to set the tone of the organization which is considered t be primarily influencing the control consciousness of its management. It is considered to be the foundation of the all the other core component of the internal control which help to set the platform for providing the discipline and key structure. 2.3 Risk of Fraud for Bega Cheese Limited 2.3.1 Discuss whether you consider there to be any accounts susceptible to asset misappropriation Asset misappropriation is basically due to the misstatement which leads to the involvement of the theft of entitys asset either through employee or from external source in come peculiar cased however through top management or the internal sources of the organization. Misappropriation of asset is considered to accompany by irrelevant record or manipulative records or the key document in order to once the theft (Holton, 2012). From the overall analysis of the company financial data and statement it is clear that there no such account susceptible to asset misappropriation exist as the company is showing its complete financial data and the financial statement is audited by both internal and external auditor. The external auditor report suggest that the company have maintained the code of ethic and compliance with the accounting standard which helps the comapyn to provide the actual and reliable financial data incurred for the given fiscal year. 2.3.2 Discuss whether you consider there to be any accounts susceptible to fraudulent financial reporting The sales, expense, account receivable and account payable can be misstated in the financial statements. The misstatements can lead to increase or decrease in the value of the company. The misstatements affects the total financial value of the company. 3. PLANNING MATERIALITY 3.1 Brief Justification of materiality base selected and percentage applied The planning materiality will help to analyse the financial situation of Bega Cheese Limited and also helps to provide crucial information to the shareholders. The investors analyses the financial position of the company and take investment decisions. The planning materiality helps to determine the risk of Bega Cheese Limited and it is estimated as per the rules stated by AASB 1031. The materiality misstatement is to be calculated on an appropriate base as well as applying percentage on it. The judgement is based on the value of the financial report of the company (Annual Report, 2016). The percentage materiality is to be estimated on the basis of profit margin of the company. The issue of debt and equity shows the capital structure of the company. The valuation of items included in current liabilities and current assets is to be valued appropriately in the financial position statements of the company. The investors and shareholders attracts towards the company after evaluating the m ateriality of the company. 3.2 Base amount selected and percentage applied The materiality of Bega Cheese Limited is estimated at 0.30%. The materiality level of the organization is as follows: Materiality level = 0.30% * $11666 = $34.99 The planning materiality of Bega cheese limited has been calculated on the basis of net income of the company during a specific period of time. It helps the auditors to determine and evaluate the risk of the organization. The misstatement in the financial report will lead to increase or decrease in the value of the organization. The financial report of a company shows the financial position and market share of the company (Elliott and Elliott, 2008). The main aim of the audit department is to show the actual value of the company as well as determining misstatements in the accounts. The income statement shows the sales, expenses, profit or loss of the company during a specific period of time. References Annual Report, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.begacheese.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/04-2015-ANNUAL-REPORT.pdf [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Braiotta, L. (2004).The audit committee handbook. New York: Wiley. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2008).Financial accounting and reporting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Paramasivan, C. and Subramanian, T. (2009).Financial management. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Saxena, R., Srinivas, K., Rai, U. and Rai, S. (2010).Auditing. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Spiceland, J., Sepe, J. and Nelson, M. (2011).Intermediate accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.

Education Systems in English Speaking Countries Essay Example For Students

Education Systems in English Speaking Countries Essay All five countries have three-tier education primary education. Secondary education and tertiary education. Also in all these countries exist such level of education, which runs before primary school and can be named as Early childhood. In KGB it is called as nursery education (ages 3-4), in USA Pre-schools (ages 3-4), Pre-kindergartens (ages 4-5) and Kindergartens (ages 5-6), in Australia -? Kindergartens (ages pre_ schools, Kindergartens and Preparations (ages 4-6), in New Zealand is also such institutions as Play Centers, in Canada Junior Kindergarten (ages 4-5) and Grade Primary or Kindergarten (ages 3-?6). The Primary Education The primary education in Canada and LISA ;s also called Elementary. In New Zealand and Australia primary education begins at the age of 5-6 and ends at the age of 12-13, in Canada from 6 10th year old, in KGB from 4 to 11 year old, but USA elementary education differs greatly, because begins at the age of 11-12 and ends at he age of 13- 14. The Secondary Education In Britain. High school is known as secondary school regardless of whether it is state funded or private. High school is mostly an American English expression. s is Junior high school. In Brat. N secondary school is for students age 1 1 16. In America high school is for students age 14 ; 18. Before high school students spend three year in junior high. In Australia children spend years in secondary school. As in New Zealand and Canada. It is interesting. Hat each level of education in the UK has varying requirements which must be satisfied in order to gain entry at that level. The Higher Education The students of all English Speaking countries after finishing secondary school and passing all examinations may attend Colleges, Vocational schools, Polytechnics and private Tertiary Institutes where they receives Graduate Diplomas or universities to take searchers, MasterS Or DoctorS degree, Compulsory education is different in the English-speaking countries: I) The ELK hillier have to legally attend primary and secondary education Which runs from about 5 years Old until the student IS 16 years Old; 2) The ages for compulsory education in USA vary by state. It begins from ages 3 to 8 and ends from ages 14 to 18: 3) All provinces and territories of Canada provide universal, free elementary and secondary schooling for 12 years, with the exception of Quebec where It is for 11 years. Education ;s compulsory to the age of between 15 and 18.